Robert Cialdini And His Colleagues Essay - 1749 Words

Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1976) introduced and formalized the social psychological phenomenon called basking in reflected glory (BIRG), recognizing how individuals tend to increase their identification with a person or group—with whom they share a preexisting ingroup identity—when the latter has succeeded in an endeavor that brings group pride. Social identity theory is typically invoked to explain how the phenomenon is manifested through ingroup affiliation and self-enhancement. Though BIRG as a phenomenon has been found to be replicable across cultures, its determinants and manifestations nonetheless vary cross-culturally. Through the current literature review that aims to integrate the results of previous studies, it is found that the noninstrumental nature of ingroup identification and the increase in association with a successful other are cross-culturally similar. However, the construal of social identity and the achievements that become a source of ingr oup pride are significantly determined by a country’s historical and economic milieu, while the characteristics of self-enhancement (on both ascribed group and self-esteem) are informed by the values and expectations set forth by the culture to which basking individuals belong. Keywords: basking in reflected glory, social identity theory Cross-Cultural Differences in the Determinants and Manifestations of Basking in Reflected Glory It is a common and understandable tendency for people who have beenShow MoreRelatedCrafting Normative Messages Of The Environment Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesby Robert B. Cialdini. Where there is an issue of the primary public not seeming to care about the damage being done to the environment, and the public service announcements intended to stop or lessen the damage, has little to no effect. In the scientific paper â€Å"Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment†, a theory is developed to describe the causal reason for why the public is not responding to public service announcements about protecting the environment. Robert B. Cialdini believesRead MoreSocial Psychology, The Social Identity1492 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological phenomenon introduced in Robert Cialdini and his colleagues’ (1976) research: basking in reflected glory (BIRG). As reflected in the opening quote, individuals are able to emphasize their affiliation with successful others, leading to the reinforcement of ingroup identifications shared with achieving individuals and the strengthening of one’s self-esteem by basking in the latter’s success (Bizman Yinon 2002; Boen et al, 2002). Basking in Reflected Glory Cialdini et al.’s (1976) classic socialRead MoreThe Act Of Basking And Public Image1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1976, Robert Cialdini and his colleagues first defined the concept of â€Å"basking in reflected glory† (BIRGing), the tendency to improve one’s self- and public image by publicly announcing one’s association with another person or group (identification) who has become successful in some endeavor (achievement) even if one is in no way the cause of the other’s success or â€Å"glory†. That is, the act of basking is done through association based on the person and the successful other belonging to the sameRead MoreProject Report On Productivity Improvement1447 Words   |  6 Pagesgratitude to everyone who has encouraged, motivated and guided me to make a fine effort for successful completion of this project. I would like to thank Sunlife Financial for giving me an opportunity to work on this project. I am very thankful my colleagues and managers who helped me throughout the project. Your contributions have been most appreciated. 1. Introduction 5-6 2. Literature Review 7-22 3. Research MethodologyRead More4 Ms of Marketing Essay3050 Words   |  13 Pagescompany then he must going to tell all his friends in his social network to buy the same product and this is called word-to-mouth which is being discussed by Emanuel Rosen in the book marketing guru. This is also known as BUZZ which is most powerful and cheapest tool of marketing (Rosen, Emanuel, 2000). Consider an example from everyday life. Suppose you have your own department store and someone in your department store tells you that one of your colleagues have shifted her soft drink brand fromRead MoreThe Impact of Impression Management on Performance Rating Essay3664 Words   |  15 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW Laura (2006) has stated, â€Å"Professional image is defined as the aggregate of key constituents’ (i.e., clients, bosses, superiors, subordinates and colleagues) perceptions of one’s competence and character†. This definition refers to an externally tilted, public guise based upon reflected appraisals rather than one’s self-image or others’ â€Å"actual† perceptions (Ibarra, 1999; Mead, 1934; Tice Wallace, 2003). Impression management is a common phenomenon in the organizations Read MoreSocial Influence4418 Words   |  18 Pagesthat are being researched in the field of social psychology. For more information, follow the main article links provided. [edit] Kelmans varieties There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in his 1958 paper in the Journal of Conflict Resolution.[2] The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence: for example, to separate public conformity (behavior) from private acceptance (personal belief). [edit]Read MorePersuasive Tactics in Marketing Essay2393 Words   |  10 Pages 10 li value=50 Appendix 11 li value=10 Explanation of the two tactics /ol Effective communicators use six principles to get what they want and to influence and shape the behaviour of others, according to Robert B Cialdini, author of Influence: Science and Practice. Each of these principles is governed by a psychological principle that directs human behaviour and gives the users their power. The six principles are reciprocation, consistency and commitment, socialRead MoreUsing Job Satisfaction and Pride as Internal-Marketing Tools5365 Words   |  22 PagesPsychological aspectsCorporate culture​ ManagementOrganizational change​ ManagementJob satisfaction​ MeasurementJob satisfaction​ Psychological aspectsJob satisfaction​ Economic aspectsSales management Employees attitudes and opinions about their colleagues and​ the work environment may make all the difference between workers ​ merely doing a good job and delivering exceptional guest service.​ Increased competition in the hotel industry has caused many​ companies to consider new strategies for gaining

Nclb America s Achievement Gap - 1347 Words

NCLB America’s Achievement Gap The No Child left Behind Act was intended to close the achievement gap in elementary and secondary schools by allowing each and every student the opportunity to have the best education possible. This law was signed by George W. Bush in 2001 who described it as a law that will, â€Å"Ensure that all children have a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain a high quality education†(Neill 2). The No Child Left Behind Act was only intended to help the students, but it is clear, not only to teachers, parents, and professionals, that it is time for a reauthorized law; One that each and every student can benefit from. The achievement gap in America’s school systems still exists. For the sake of America’s future, the school system must make a change now or the future of this country will suffer. The law was meant to increase student achievement and to hold states, schools, teachers and students more accountable. How exactl y is NCLB changing schools? In, 2005-2006, states were required to test grades 3-8 in reading and math. Shortly after, they added in an annual science test in K-12. A lot of tedious testing grew in schools and is still continuing to grow today. Along with tests came certain standards for each state, as well as consequences for those who failed to meet them. Report Cards were being sent home with the school’s data along with the students’ performance. Teachers were even given higher standards to meet. There was a change inShow MoreRelatedEducation Is A Central Need Of All People Around Over The World1543 Words   |  7 Pages Thus, we can say that the educational reform system is the continue process without stopping. In the United States, there is an achievement gap between elementary and secondary school students from different districts, races, and social backgrounds. Therefore, â€Å"to close this achievement gap, President George W. Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act on January 8, 2002† (Aronson Miller, 2007). In addition, it is the most current repetition and popular â€Å"of the Elementary andRead MoreEducation Is A Central Need Of All People Around Over The World1543 Words   |  7 Pagesprograms (Posey, 2014). Thus, we can say that the educational reform system is the continue process without stopping. In the United States, there is an achievement gap between elementary and secondary school students from different districts, races, and social backgrounds. Therefore, to close this achievement gap, â€Å"the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002† (Aronson Ginsburg, 2014). In addition, it is the most current repetition andRead MoreNo Child Left Behind1538 Words   |  7 Pageshave heard the key to success is education. However, in the United States, that key to success is far fetched. America as a whole needs many improvements. While America will never be a perfect society as I dream, America needs to take a step forward to improving the country for all. A better education system will be a step toward improving the United States. The education system in America continues to fail our children and falls behind compared to other countries. Children today are tomorrow’s futureRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act990 Words   |  4 PagesObama in December 10, 2015. The paper will also address the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) which was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002. The paper will talk about some of the key components of ESSA in comparison with NCLB and identify some possible strengths and weaknesses in ESSA’s new approach. ESSA was signed into law on December 10, 2015 by President Barack Obama in replacement of the NCLB, which was signed into law in 2002 by President George W. Bush. ESSA reauthorize theRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1737 Words   |  7 PagesFirst, what is the achievement gap? According to the achievement gap in education refers to systematic variances in the ability to learn between students from majority populations and students from minority populations. The most significant effort made by the federal government to improve the nation s schools and student learning is the 2002 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The ESEA was largely designed to address the achievement gap in multicultural educationRead MoreThe Core State Standards Are Being Attacked By Both Sides Of The Political Aisle1737 Words   |  7 Pagesthem to punish teachers. The right feel that the CCSS is an over-reach by the federal government. Those who support the common core s tandards believe that they will help reduce achievement gaps amongst students. It s clear that the policies set forth in the past have not been working, based on the current ranking of America to other countries. The comparison of where we once stood also comes into question and shows a steady decline. Granted, many of the recent decades policies were not in effectRead MoreWhat Are The Major Problem Of NCLB?1513 Words   |  7 PagesState Senators Design Tests Another major problem of NCLB is the people who create the tests. State senators across the country make different tests and decide what should be in the learning curriculum. To become a state senator you do not need a degree, and the senators that do have degrees are typically degrees of business or law. Why did senators make the tests and not teachers? Many of the state senators writing the tests do not have the educational background needed to write tests. And becauseRead MoreThe achievement gap is often described as the academic discrepancy in the test scores of minority1800 Words   |  8 PagesThe achievement gap is often described as the academic discrepancy in the test scores of minority and other low-income students and the test scores in their White and Asian peers. However the gap in scores affect many different groups across many different walks of life in America. Different groups may trail behind their peers at different points in their academic careers. Classic exa mples are boys in their early years of schooling and girls in high school math and sciences. The differences betweenRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2779 Words   |  12 Pages No Child Left to Graduate Elizabeth Crawley Temple University December 9, 2014 Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was put into effect January 8th 2002. The purpose of the Act was to create better education standards and close the racial/ethnic achievement gaps in schools. Achievement gaps occur when a group of students outperforms another group and the difference in average scores is statistically significant. Approximately eleven years later the aftermath ofRead MoreEducation Is What Drives The Future Of America1908 Words   |  8 PagesEducation is what drives the future of America. If students in today’s generation are not being educated properly imagine what the future holds. Today it is seen that many students are not acquiring the fundamental abilities of math and english concepts for the most part. Students are not a grade level reading, or writing. They are falling behind. Reason being is because some teachers, are not taking the effort to make sure these students are gaining the knowledge. Teachers (not all) have become

Active Listening - 1 free essay sample

Active listening is a structured way of listening and responding to others, focusing attention on the speaker. Suspending ones own frame of reference, suspending judgment and avoiding other internal mental activities are important to fully  attend  to the speaker. Primary Elements There are three primary elements that comprise active listening: comprehending, retaining, and responding. [edit]Comprehending Comprehension is shared meaning between parties in a communication transaction. [1][2]  This is the first step in the listening process. The first challenge for the listener is accurately identifying speech sounds and understanding and synthesizing these sounds as words. We are constantly bombarded with auditory stimuli, so the listener has to select which of those stimuli are speech sounds and choose to pay attention to the appropriate sounds (attending). The second challenge is being able to discern breaks between discernable words, or speech segmentation. [3]  This becomes significantly more difficult with an unfamiliar language because the speech sounds blend together into a continuous cluster. Determining the context and meanings of each word is essential to comprehending a sentence. [edit]Retaining This is the second step in the listening process. Memory is essential to the listening process because the information we retain when involved in the listening process is how we create meaning from words. We depend on our memory to fill in the blanks when were listening. Because everyone has different memories, the speaker and the listener may attach different meanings to the same statement. However, our memories are fallible and we cant remember everything that weve ever listened to. There are many reasons why we forget some information that weve received. The first is cramming. When you cram there is a lot of information entered into your short term memory. Shortly after cramming, when you dont need the information anymore, it is purged from your brain before it can be transferred into your long term memory. [4]  The second reason is that you arent paying attention when you receive the information. Alternatively, when you receive the information you may not attach importance to it, so it loses its meaning. A fourth reason is at the time the information was received you lacked motivation to listen carefully to better remember it. [5]  Using information immediately after receiving it enhances information retention and lessens the forgetting curve (the rate at which we no longer retain information in our memory). [6]  Retention is lessened when we engage in mindless listening, where little effort is made to listen to a speakers message. Mindful listening is active listening. [edit]Responding Listening is an interaction between speaker and listener. It adds action to a normally passive process. The speaker looks for verbal and nonverbal responses from the listener to determine if the message is being listened to. Usually the response is nonverbal because if the response is verbal the speaker/listener roles are reversed so the listener becomes the speaker and is no longer listening. Based on the response the speaker should either adjust or continue with his/her communication style. Listening is considered to be the one of the most important part of the oral communication. The term is used in order to make oral communication effective. Poor listening skills of an individual may affect the individual very badly specially in an organization where the maximum number of time a person spent in communication therefore it is very much important if will talk from organizational prospective because a effective and active listening by an individual plays a very important role in contributing towards the success of the business. Further more a poor listening also leads to the creation of an in attentive barrier in which a listener makes himself busy in doing other thins and in this the person will listen to only that part of the message which they think is important. Furthermore as we know about the human tendency that whatever human retain only 1/4 of that part an individual able to keep in his mind after 2 days. Therefore it is very much important that an effort should be made by an individual in order to be an active listener because listening is all about increasing the knowledge as an active listening helps the individual to increase their memory bank which an individual later on implements his or her life in order to achieve their objectives   An active listening from the individual side also plays an important role in making the speaker comfortable and in the listening process especially in order to utilize the active listening it is very important that a listener should make a king of environment where an speaker makes himself feel comfortable so that the time which a speaker take should not become waste therefore at last it is important that an individual should make efforts to be an active listener for future success and growth. Discriminative listening Discriminative listening is the most basic type of listening, whereby the difference between difference sounds is identified. If y ou cannot hear differences, then you cannot make sense of the meaning that is expressed by such differences. We learn to discriminate between sounds within our own language early, and later are unable to discriminate between the phonemes of other languages. This is one reason why a person from one country finds it difficult to speak another language perfectly, as they are unable distinguish the subtle sounds that are required in that language. Likewise, a person who cannot hear the subtleties of emotional variation in another persons voice will be less likely to be able to discern the emotions the other person is experiencing. Listening is a visual as well as auditory act, as we communicate much through  body language. We thus also need to be able to discriminate between muscle and skeletal movements that signify different meanings. Comprehension listening The next step beyond discriminating between different sound and sights is to make sense of them. To comprehend the meaning requires first having a lexicon of words at our fingertips and also all rules of grammar and syntax by which we can understand what others are saying. The same is true, of course, for the visual components of communication, and an understanding of body language helps us understand what the other person is really meaning. In communication, some words are more important and some less so, and comprehension often benefits from extraction of key facts and items from a long spiel. Comprehension listening is also known   as  content listening,  informative listening  and  full listening. Critical listening Critical listening is listening in order to evaluate and judge, forming opinion about what is being said. Judgment includes assessing strengths and weaknesses, agreement and approval. This form of listening requires significant real-time cognitive effort as the listener analyzes what is being said, relating it to existing knowledge and rules, whilst simultaneously listening to the ongoing words from the speaker. Biased listening Biased listening happens when the person hears only what they want to hear, typically misinterpreting what the other person says based on thestereotypes  and other biases that they have. Such biased listening is often very evaluative in nature. Evaluative listening In evaluative listening, or  critical listening, we make judgments about what the other person is saying. We seek to assess the truth of what is being said. We also judge what they say against our  values, assessing them as good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Evaluative listening is particularly pertinent when the other person is trying to persuade us, perhaps to change our behavior and maybe even to change our  beliefs. Within this, we also discriminate between subtleties of language and comprehend the inner meaning of what is said. Typically also we weigh up the pros and cons of an argument, determining whether it makes sense logically as well as whether it is helpful to us. Evaluative listening is also called critical, judgmental or interpretive listening. Appreciative listening In appreciative listening, we seek certain information which will appreciate, for example that which helps meet our  needs  and  goals. We use appreciative listening when we are listening to good music, poetry or maybe even the stirring words of a great leader. Sympathetic listening In sympathetic listening we care about the other person and show this concern in the way we pay close attention and express our sorrow for their ills and happiness at their joys. Empathetic listening When we listen  empathetically, we go beyond sympathy to seek a truer understand how others are feeling. This requires excellent discrimination and close attention to the nuances of emotional signals. When we are being truly empathetic, we actually feel what they are feeling. In order to get others to expose these deep parts of themselves to us, we also need to demonstrate our empathy in our demeanor towards them, asking sensitively and in a way that encourages self-disclosure. Therapeutic listening In therapeutic listening, the listener has a purpose of not only empathizing with the speaker but also to use this deep connection in order to help the speaker understand, change or develop in some way. This not only happens when you go to see a therapist but also in many social situations, where friends and family seek to both diagnose problems from listening and also to help the speaker cure themselves, perhaps by some cathartic process. This also happens in work situations, where managers, HR people, trainers and coaches seek to help employees learn and develop. Dialogic listening The word dialogue stems from the Greek words dia, meaning through and logos meaning words. Thus dialogic listening mean learning through conversation and an engaged interchange of ideas and information in which we actively seek to learn more about the person and how they think. Dialogic listening is sometimes known as relational listening. Relationship listening Sometimes the most important factor in listening is in order to develop or sustain a relationship. This is why lovers talk for hours and attend closely to what each other has to say when the same words from someone else would seem to be rather boring. Relationship listening is also important in areas such as negotiation and sales, where it is helpful if the other person likes you and trusts you. Listening Tips | Usually it is important to paraphrase and use your own words in verbalizing your understanding of the message. Parroting back the words verbatim is annoying and does not ensure accurate understanding of the message. | | Depending on the purpose of the interaction and your understanding of what is relevant, you could reflect back the other persons: 1. Account of the facts. 2. Thoughts and beliefs. 3. Feelings and emotions. 4. Wants, needs or motivation. 5. Hopes and expectations. | | Don’t respond to just the meaning of the words, look for the feelings or intent beyond the words. The dictionary or surface meaning of the words or code used by the sender is not the message. | | Inhibit your impulse to immediately answer questions. The code may be in the form of a question. Sometimes people ask questions when they really want to express themselves and are not open to hearing an answer. | | Know when to quit using active listening. Once you accurately understand the sender’s message, it may be appropriate to respond with your own message. Don’t use active listening to hide and avoid revealing your own position. | | If you are confused and know you do not understand, either tell the person you don’t understand and ask him/her to say it another way, or use your best guess. If you are incorrect, the person will realize it and will likely attempt to correct your misunderstanding. | Active listening is a very effective first response when the other person is angry, hurt or expressing difficult feelings toward you, especially in relationships that are important to you. | | Use eye contact and  listening  body language. Avoid looking at your watch or at other people or activities around the roo m. Face and lean toward the speaker and nod your head, as it is appropriate. Be careful about crossing your arms and appearing closed or critical. | | Be empathic and nonjudgmental. You can be accepting and respectful of the person and their feelings and beliefs without invalidating or giving up your own position, or without agreeing with the accuracy and validity of their view. | Become a more effective listener. Practice the active listening technique and make it one of your communication skills. |

Welfare Is A Government Program That Provides Money, Medical Care, Ess

Welfare is a government program that provides money, medical care, food, housing, and other things that people need in order to survive. People who can receive help from these welfare programs are children, elders, disabled, and others who cannot support their families on their current income. Another name for welfare is public assistance. There are many organizations that supply this public assistance. Such as Salvation Army and other groups. Public assistance benefits help many people who live below the poverty line, an income level is established for families. If your income is below this you would be eligible to receive this help. Welfare in the United States Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the poor people through about 60 public assistance programs. Most people receive help through one of the four major programs. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will discuss the four programs individually. Medicaid provides free medical care to the poor people. Funds vary from state to state. In some situations, people who may be able to pay daily needs, but can't afford large medical bills may also be able to receive Medicaid. Some services paid for are bills such as doctor's visits and nursing home care. Most Medicaid funding comes from the federal government. The rest is supplied by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid program. A.F.D.C. provides cash benefits to dependent children and the parents or the guardians taking care of them. Most families that qualify for A.F.D.C. have just one parent in the home. About 80 percent of these families are headed by a woman. A.F.D.C. also pays benefits to two-parent families if both parents are unemployed. Most A.F.D.C. funding comes from the federal government. The states provide the rest of the money and administer the program. The sizes of families' payment vary from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This provides financial Aid to people in need who are at least 65 years old, blind, or disabled. The federal government finances and administers social security income programs in most states, though some states supply the federal payment and are able to run their own programs. Finally, the Food Stamp Program helps low-income households buy more and better food than they could otherwise afford. Each participating household receives a certain number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are issued by the federal government. The number of stamps a household receives varies with the family's size, income, and expenses. Cooperating grocery stores accept the stamps like money for food purchases only. There are other programs such as energy assistance and public housing. Energy assistance, which is federally financed but administered by the states, helps people pay fuel bills. Public housing provides low cost rental apartments in government owned buildings. State and local governments fund and administer their own general assistance programs. These programs provide financial aid for needy people who do not qualify for other types of welfare. People waiting to receive assistance from other programs also may get temporary emergency aid from general assistance. Back in the early days, welfare resembled the English system. Social governments were responsible for helping the poor. But the colonies and later the states, sometimes helped the local government provide aid. The first federal welfare program, began after the Revolutionary War, they provided pensions to war veterans. During the Civil War these pensions were expanded to cover soldiers' widows and orphans. In the early 1900's, primary responsibility for providing welfare benefits shifted from local to state governments. During these years, states enacted programs to aid dependent children and the elderly. The criticisms of welfare ranges over a number of social and economic issues. Some people criticize welfare programs for not providing high enough benefits to eliminate poverty. Spending on welfare would have to increase greatly to eliminate poverty, and many people believe the cost is already too high. Many critics of the welfare system charge that providing a steady income to needy people encourages idleness. Actually, most welfare benefits go to elderly, blind, and disabled people and mothers with young children. But welfare does discourage some recipients from working harder by reducing benefits if their income increases. Many people also criticize the welfare system for being too complex and costly to administer. Each program has its own eligibility requirements and ways of calculating benefits, and these rules vary from state to state. Public officials collect detailed information about applicants to determine their eligibility for benefits. This process is time-consuming and costly. Some people cheat the system by not reporting all the income they earn. But Welfare Is A Government Program That Provides Money, Medical Care, Ess Welfare is a government program that provides money, medical care, food, housing, and other things that people need in order to survive. People who can receive help from these welfare programs are children, elders, disabled, and others who cannot support their families on their current income. Another name for welfare is public assistance. There are many organizations that supply this public assistance. Such as Salvation Army and other groups. Public assistance benefits help many people who live below the poverty line, an income level is established for families. If your income is below this you would be eligible to receive this help. Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the poor people through about 60 public assistance programs. Most people receive help through one of the four major programs. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will discuss the four programs individually. Medicaid provides free medical care to the poor people. Funds vary from state to state. In some situations, people who may be able to pay daily needs, but can't afford large medical bills may also be able to receive Medicaid. Some services paid for are bills such as doctor's visits and nursing home care. Most Medicaid funding comes from the federal government. The rest is supplied by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid program. A.F.D.C. provides cash benefits to dependent children and the parents or the guardians taking care of them. Most families that qualify for A.F.D.C. have just one parent in the home. About 80 percent of these families are headed by a woman. A.F.D.C. also pays benefits to two-parent families if both parents are unemployed. Most A.F.D.C. funding comes from the federal government. The states provide the rest of the money and administer the program. The sizes of families' payment vary from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This provides financial Aid to people in need who are at least 65 years old, blind, or disabled. The federal government finances and administers social security income programs in most states, though some states supply the federal payment and are able to run their own programs. Finally, the Food Stamp Program helps low-income households buy more and better food than they could otherwise afford. Each participating household receives a certain number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are issued by the federal government. The number of stamps a household receives varies with the family's size, income, and expenses. Cooperating grocery stores accept the stamps like money for food purchases only. In conclusion I would like to say that this organization has a personal value to me. I plan to serve in these organizations when i have the chance, and benifit from each program. I hope this essay can change your views on welfare and how impotant it is to every community. Please take this to heart and help our community.

The Contributions to the Western Civilization Essays

The Contributions to the Western Civilization Essays The Contributions to the Western Civilization Essay The Contributions to the Western Civilization Essay The Contributions to the western civilization Ashley Stewart 5/1/11 Professor Hammond Strayer University The Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, have made great contributions to develop the Western Civilization. The legacy that they’ve left was religion, knowledge, and government. The Hebrews contributed the religious aspect, the Greeks contributed knowledge and government, and the Romans contributed one must have an understanding of the ancient Greek culture, or else considered governing methods to Western Civilization. Its said that to understand our culture ignorant. sherer44). The Hebrews shaped the very core of Western Civilization. Author Thomas Cahill has recently produced a historical account, The Gifts of the Jews, which explores in depth the contributions of early Judaism to the thought patterns and social structure of present-day orders. A review of his work states that Within the matrix of ancient religions and philosophies, life was seen as part of an endless cycle of bi rth and death; time was like a wheel, spinning ceaselessly. Yet somehow the ancient Jews began to see time differently. For them, time had a beginning and an end; it was a narrative, whose triumphant conclusion would come in the future. From this insight came a new conception, that of men and women as individuals with unique destinies a conception that would inform the Declaration of Independence and our hopeful belief in progress and the sense that tomorrow can be better than today. ( The West would not have been the same without Jewish contributions that celebrated concepts such as absolute morality, self-improvement, and the striving to comprehend the forces that shape ones existence. These innovative notions permitted the Hebrews to endure throughout millennia of oppression and foreign dominance and reform their state into todays Israel, one of the top ten nations in the world in terms of military might and economic sophistication. The Greeks was creating colonies around the coast of Greece. /Instead of constructing the columns to be straight, they built them using gentle curves making everything appear more symmetrical. The two different architectural styles in ancient Greece were the Doric and Ionic. The earliest of the buildings were designed in the Doric style, such as the Parthenon. The Doric columns are rather sturdy yet plain. The ionic Columns were built thinner and more elegant. The tops of them had a scroll like structure, unlike the flat Doric style. Buildings such as the Erechtheum and the small temple of Athena were built in the Ionic style. Its to the Greeks we owe for their architectural innovations to western civilization The Greeks were very passionate about athletics. They took pride in the perfect human physique: strong, fit, cut, graceful human bodies.

A Short History of the Toothpick

A Short History of the Toothpick Thanks to the humble toothpick, taking care of your oral hygiene after meals has become somewhat of a ritual. With needle-like precision, it makes removing unseemly pieces of food debris, such as that stubborn sliver of shredded chicken, a thoroughly satisfying task. So who should we thank for it? DIY Origins   The toothpick is one of the few inventions being used today that predates the arrival of modern humans. Fossil evidence of ancient skulls, for instance, suggests that early Neanderthals used tools to pick their teeth. Scientists have also found tooth indentations indicative of teeth picking in human remains among Australian Aborigines, prehistoric Native Americans, and the earliest Egyptians.    The practice of teeth picking was not uncommon among early civilizations, too. Mesopotamians used instruments to keep dental crevices clear and artifacts such as toothpicks made out of silver, bronze and various other precious metals that date back to antiquity have also been unearthed. By the Medieval period, carrying a gold or silver toothpick in a fancy case became a way for privileged Europeans to distinguish themselves from commoners. The toothpick wasn’t always quite the lowly, mass-produced and disposable piece of wood that we’ve come to know today. Queen Elizabeth once received six gold toothpicks as a gift and would often showcase them. There’s even an anonymous portrait depicting her as an old woman wearing multiple chains around her neck, from which hung a gold toothpick or a case. Meanwhile, those who couldn’t afford such luxuries resorted to more creative ways of fashioning their own toothpicks. The Romans came up with a particularly clever method of pulling bird feathers, chopping off the quill and sharpening the tip. The technique was passed on to future generations in Europe and eventually carried over to the new world. Over in the Americas, native peoples carved toothpicks from deer bone. And just up north, Eskimos used walrus whiskers. Coincidentally, wood was generally considered unsuitable for the purpose of dislodging trapped food bits. Twigs from trees were inadequate because they tended to wear down when wet and had a propensity to splinter, which tended to be problematic. One exception is the mastic gum tree of southern Europe, with the Romans among the first to take advantage of the plant’s pleasant aroma and its teeth whitening properties. A Toothpick for the Masses With the ubiquity of tooth picking tools across the world, it was only a matter of time before an industry was built around them. As small businesses specializing in toothpick manufacturing began to pop up, demand for toothpicks also grew.  American entrepreneur named Charles Forster. The mass production of toothpicks can be traced to the Mondego River Valley in Portugal. It was there, in the small municipality of Coimbra, that the 16th century nuns of the Mos-teiro de Lorvo monastery began making toothpicks as a disposable utensil for picking up sticky confections that tended to leave residue on fingers and teeth. Locals eventually picked up the tradition, using only the finest orangewood and a jackknife to handcraft the toothpicks. The region would over time earn a reputation as the world capital of the toothpick industry where the finest toothpicks were made. Orders soon came in from all over Europe and shipment were sent out as far overseas as the Americas. The Portuguese were especially renowned for a special type of cocktail tooth called â€Å"palitos especiales† distinct for their carved involutes and curly shafts. In the U.S., some vendors seek to mimic the classy, festive aesthetic with toothpicks topped with colored cellophane. Toothpicks in America The American entrepreneur Charles Forster was particularly impressed by the high quality of the toothpicks in South America. While working in Brazil, he noticed that the locals often had impeccable teeth and credited it to the use of imported toothpicks from Portugal. Inspired by fellow American Benjamin Franklin Sturtevant’s shoe-making machine, Forster got to work on building something similar that would be capable of mass-producing millions of toothpicks a day. While he was ultimately able to come up with the goods, Americans simply weren’t interested. Part of the problem was that Americans were already accustomed to whittling their own toothpicks and doling out cash for something that can easily make themselves made little sense at the time. What was needed was a sea change in ingrained lifestyle habits and attitudes if there was any hope of generating demand. Forster just so happened to be crazy enough to take on such a seemingly insurmountable challenge. Some of the unusual marketing tactics he employed included hiring students to pose as store customers seeking toothpicks and instructing Harvard students to ask for them whenever they dined at restaurants. Soon enough, many local eateries would make sure toothpicks were available for patrons who somehow developed a habit of reaching for them as they’re about to leave. Though it was Forster who at the time nearly singlehandedly established a growing market for mass-produced wooden toothpicks, there were a few others jockeying to get into the game. In 1869, Alphons Krizek, of Philadelphia, received a patent for an â€Å"improvement in toothpicks,† which featured a hooked end with spoon-shaped mechanism designed to clean out hollow and sensitive teeth. Other attempted â€Å"improvements† include a case for a retractable toothpick and a scented coating meant to freshen one’s breath.  Ã‚   Towards the end of the 19th century, there were literally billions of toothpicks made each year. In 1887, the count got as high as five billion toothpicks, with Forster accounting for more than half of them. And by the end of the century, there was one factory in Maine that was already making that many.  Ã‚   Toothpicks Not Just for Picking Teeth With the commercialized ubiquity of disposable wooden toothpicks, the concept of the toothpick as status symbol, which stubbornly persisted well into 19th century, would slowly begin to fade. Silver and gold toothpicks, once immensely popular amongst society’s most well-heeled elites, were increasingly turned in as donations at fundraisers. But that doesn’t mean a toothpick’s usefulness was simply relegated to oral hygiene. Most people, for instance, are familiar with the use of toothpicks in social settings where eau doeuvres and other finger foods are served. Yet they’ve also proved capable of pinning down overstuffed deli sandwiches, cleaning dirt from underneath fingernails, and even picking locks. While the standard toothpick of today remains essentially unchanged from the ones Forster was cranking out over a century ago, entrepreneurs still seek to improve upon its very basic iteration. One early attempt by Forster and others to make them more appealing was the introduction of flavored toothpicks. Popular flavors included cinnamon, wintergreen, and sassafras. For a time, there were even liquor flavors, such as Scotch and Bourbon. Inventors have also tested other coatings such as imbuing sticks with zinc as a disinfectant. Another therapeutic approach involved combining a toothpick and a gum massager. Others have tried tinkering with the shape by making the center square as a way to prevent rolling when dropped while some newer ones claim to offer enhanced cleaning ability with the addition of brush-like bristles to the head. Though such efforts to build a better toothpick may arguably yield some advantages, theres something about the toothpick’s modest simplicity that makes it so users dont have much of a desire to deviate. A disposable, cheap object with a simple design that achieves its desired goal, you really couldn’t ask for more - as a consumer or as a manufacturer.

Early medieval history of Ireland Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Early medieval history of Ireland - Term Paper Example Due to the relative isolation of Ireland by water, this magical land has been able to keep many of its medieval treasures intact, unlike most parts of Western Europe. With the fall of the Roman Empire, much of Western Europe lost its scholarship as Christianity tended to withdraw into its own sanctuaries. The medieval church in Ireland was powerful and brilliant. Splendid reminders of early Irish Christianity can be found in the stone, high crosses that melded the country's pagan roots with the newly imported faith. Unfortunately, not much can be said about pre-Christian era in Ireland. What little is known of this period comes from a few references in Roman writings, Irish poetry and myth, and archaeology (Raftery, 2005:134).However, traditions have it that the earliest inhabitants of Ireland, people of a mid-Stone Age, or Mesolithic culture, arrived sometime after 8000 BC, when the climate had become more hospitable following the retreat of the polar icecaps. At this time, settleme nts of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers have been found at about half a dozen sites scattered throughout the country: Mount Sandel in County Londonderry (Coleraine); Woodpark in County Sligo; the Shannon estuary; Lough Boora in County Offaly; the Curran in County Antrim; and a number of locations in Munster. It is thought that these settlers first colonised the northeast of the country from Scotland. Although sea levels were still lower than they are today, Ireland was probably already an island by the time the first settlers arrived by boat

Company Law - corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Company Law - corporate governance - Essay Example The consequences when the policy of the company makes a director a victim or a loop hole in a law makes the company pay compensation for the victim on behalf of the employee can be examined. The points and the necessities found in the above study can form a back ground for the future changes in the law if any. 1 The duties and responsibilities which directors assume are important as they have powers to take majority business decisions. The duties (fiduciary) will be in such a manner that the interests of the company and the stake holders are protected. . This is enshrined in the common law rules and equitable principles. Hence, directors need to take great care to avoid the breaching of any duty under case law. From the case of Foss v Harbottle, it is derived that directors owe a duty to the company due to the fact that the proper claimant to the breach is the 'company itself'. In the case of Savoy Hotel Ltd, company's interests are expressed as 'interests identified with current and future shareholders'. Hence, the inclusion of future shareholders into corporate interests allows management to justify decisions which are made outside the interests of the current shareholders. ... Hence, the inclusion of future shareholders into corporate interests allows management to justify decisions which are made outside the interests of the current shareholders. However in special circumstances, especially during takeover situations, directors are found to carry with them a 'duty of disclosure' towards current shareholders which encompasses the duty to be honest and not to mislead. Similar obligations arise when directors are in control of small private domestic companies (when shares in particular are owned by hands of 'few family members') as they would be indirectly be in place of a 'direct fiduciary capacity'. Thus, directors in these situations would be treated as agents of the shareholders and not the company. 2 Under Section 309(1) directors owes a duty (in regards to their performance) to the interests of the company's employees as well although it is lined with problems of enforceability. It is difficult to determine whether the director has discharged their duty in regards to their performance as they are not bound to prioritise interests of the employees over those of the shareholders. CLRSG even concluded that this provision should be repealed, unless employees interests would serve as an 'incident if promotion shareholders interests'. In regards to insolvent companies, directors are found to owe a duty to creditors (a general body of creditors and not to individual creditor) as their interests are indirectly represented by liquidator. This can be seen in the case of Kinsella v Russell Kinsela Pty and approved in the case of West Mercia Safetywear Ltd Dodd, in which shareholders do not have the power to absolve the breach made by directors to prevent the

The Impact of Internet on ways in which Citizens Participate on Political and Social Systems Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Internet on ways in which Citizens Participate on Political and Social Systems Essay In every single day, the internet expands by the social, political, and economic activities of people all over the world; consequently its impact on the participation of citizens grows exponentially. Internet has disregarded geographical distances and separations in this new world, as borders no longer have great impact on limiting people’s activities. People are encouraged to participate and contribute on different aspects which have drawn different experiences and pooled resources together. Actions and reactions have become instantaneous in cyberspace and this has made internet to be more gratifying and attractive. The resultant effect is that internet has impacted our society in almost all areas of human endeavour. The problem is that the impact has been both positive and negative and as such, caution has been advocated as a means in which citizens should approach the internet. An internet safety plan is thus required in which shall protect children and security in e-businesses has to be more guaranteed (Kedem 1999). Impact of internet on the political systems We will analyse this impact by first posing a query whether internet has any effect, whether positive or negative on the amount of political participation and the extent it contributes to the generation of a more participative society. Authors had initially suggested that a reduction in levels of political participation could be expected as a result of the use of the internet. They reasoned out that internet brings with it atomisation and a weakening of social cohesion, which can also take up a large part of people’s free time (Davis 1999). According to Meinardus (2003) the new technology back in 1990s created an internet-euphoria. It was assumed that the digital technology would lead mankind to a better world creating more chances for mass participation in the political and economic market place. These euphoric assessments have given way to more cautious appraisals, as more and more people become conscious of the potential dangers of the technological advancement. Internet has been used by politicians in order to win some scores on different activities and events. In South Korea, students of digital politics admire what one reporter termed as the most advanced online democracy on the planet. They called it â€Å"webocracy† which became apparent to a wider international audience during a presidential election. The election was won by a politician who no longer relied primarily on the traditional mass rallies, but exploited the possibilities of the internet and other modern communication devices, systematically. The politician succeeded in mobilizing millions of mainly young supporters, who logged onto his website to donate money and receive political updates. He received messages that contained policy recommendations which the candidate promised to consider seriously in his decision making (Meinardus 2003). Cyberspace campaigning has become very prevalent. It is with no doubt that new technology has opened the door to new forms of grass-roots participation. There is every indication that on-line politics are changing the traditional power structures. Internet has therefore made political process more transparent, more communicative, more participatory and hence more democratic. Internet use has increased democracy level, e-mails with political content have been sent in order to try to influence government decisions through comments posted on websites (Tab Working Report 2005). The ability to face the costs of political participation is a determining factor in the decision whether or not to participate. The impact of internet on political system depends on the availability of resources. The members of a nation with little time, money or other resources might not participate in the use of the internet in sharing their views and comments as the cost of participation is very high for them. The low cost of accessing internet has on the other hand fuelled the impact of the internet on political systems. Internet allows almost unlimited, fast, and cheap access to political information which can not be easily obtained by other means. People thus have resulted top use of the internet to obtain information which has enabled them participate even the more in political debates, and policies which are about to be implemented (Milner 2002). In deed a Tab Working Report (2005) argues that internet is currently being widely used for communication between political and the public, and routines have developed at various points. There has been an increase in activities for e-participation and online discussion at the international level. There is also a programmatic consensus that the internet can play an important role in strengthening representative democracy Limitations Internet enables access to political information that make people participate more in political systems. The access of information does not mean that one obtains the capacity to process and interpret that information which is required to make the information knowledge that can be beneficial to the individual and in which one can make rational decisions. Internet might contain a sea of information but that does not guarantee the quality of such information which might be interpreted wrongly. This may lead to consequences that would have negative impact on the individual if not on the whole society (Polat 2005). The use of internet has created international havoc as countries around the world struggle to develop laws that will permit geographical regulation of a borderless medium. The internet is thought to offer unlimited free speech which can be detrimental and in most cases when the free speech is abused by politicians, the effects are adverse. Censorship is nevertheless increasing as countries develop tools for limiting content that is available to its citizens Another limitation on the impact created by the internet on the citizen in participating to the political system is the struggle needed to obtain the information from the internet. It requires an initiative by the user to access it. Most information from the internet will mean that the user has to subscribe for it. There are other attractive websites which are social sites that would easily distract the user from obtaining the required political information (Davis 1999). Impact of internet on social system It is a matter of fact that easy access to the internet, which includes the availability of personal computers with rather cheap prices, introduction of rather reliable internet services and establishment of internet cafes has changed the nature of people’s connection to each other in their social field. Physical proximity is no longer an essential in communicating to one another face to face. This has made it easy for rapid connections across long distances and people are now in a position to write electronic mails that are transmitted virtually immediately throughout the globe (Eskicumali 2010). Eskicumali (2010, p. 1) argues that many aspects of the lives of people, especially the young people have been changed by the internet. The basic nature of their relationships with one another has been greatly influenced by the internet. This is due to the reason that there has been a global diffusion of information and communication technologies that has expanded the domain of â€Å"absent presence† which in turn has resulted to an erosion of face to face community centred relationships. The internet has created new type of social relations and virtual communities that has not been formed ever since. Theses virtual communities are social network of individuals who interact through specific media, and potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries, so as to pursue mutual goals and interests. The internet has also impacted the social system in form of communication. There is diversity in the internet-mediated communication which is displayed in different sectors such as politics, art, family, and mass media among others. It has become the bearer of different kinds of communication. This is due to several features of internet’s technical and textual structure which has promised to have a crucial impact on communication. According to Fushs (2008, p. 2) internet is here to stay, it has changed the life of many of us and transformed the lives of our society. It is ubiquitous in everyday life, and it is here that we search for information, plan trips, read newspapers and articles, communicate with each other by chatting, using emails, video conferencing, listen to music and radio, watch videos and other activities. It is in the internet that we have learnt to know other people, develop intimate relationships; maintain contact with one another, access government sites, share ideas and create knowledge together with others. Disadvantages of Internet Use on the Social System It is evident that from the roles that internet play, computerized network technologies change all areas of society. It poses challenges and opportunities in a networked globalizing world. One of the great disadvantage that internet has on the social is that no one can claim ownership of the internet. As such any body can post anything which has made it the home of political propaganda, racism, pornography and other controversial and illegal material. Internet has brought with it internet crime. These crimes include the interception of the details of customers’ credit cards and online transactions, hacking into personal, private files with criminal intent, fraudulent web sites taking credit card details from the customers, and the spreading of viruses through the internet. This has made it necessary for steps to be undertaken so as to reassure the general public that the internet is safe. The methods might reduce majority of the cyber crimes, but they do little to net down the risk, that people find themselves in when using internet (Fushs 2008). Conclusion With scores of people all over the world resulting to the use of internet to carry out various roles and responsibilities, the impact on the political and social system has been amplified. The social network service providers have increased their subscribers, which have provided information that has impacted the social system. Internet has thus enabled people to participate more, on global and national politics since they have been empowered by the easy availability of information. Networking has improved and this has initiated an embrace of diversity in race, religion, and culture.

Paranoid Schizophrenia: They’re Out To Get Me Essay examples -- Menta

Paranoid Schizophrenia: They’re Out To Get Me Introduction Paranoid Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder that impairs a person’s perception of reality, causing the mind to lose contact with the real world. This disorder greatly affects one’s ability to negotiate the activities of everyday life, such as school, work, or social situations. In 1898, Emil Kraepelin was to the first to provide information regarding schizophrenia naming it â€Å"dementia praecox†, and defining it as a psychosis with an early onset of intellectual deterioration (Schiffman & Walker, 1998). Ten years later, a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bluler renamed the disorder using a combination of the Greek words â€Å"skhizein† and â€Å"phren† meaning split mind (Barlow & Durand, 2011). He believed the unusual behaviors were a split from the basic functions of personality and reality. Today, there are misconceptions about the term schizophrenia in which society confuses a split mind with a split personality. The broad definiti on of schizophrenia continues to be researched and narrowed into subtypes with specific presenting characteristics. Paranoid schizophrenia is one of the five major sub-types listed in the Fourth Edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Text-Revised (DSM-IV-TR) with the list continuing to expand as the criteria identifies specific related symptoms or behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Although this disorder only afflicts 1% of the total population of the United States, this amounts to over 3 million people living with the disorder. Diagnosis Diagnosis of this syndrome typically occurs in late adolescence through early adulthood with the onset of behaviors marking deterioration in the abilit... .... (2010). The history of mental illness: From "skull drills" to "happy pills". Student Pulse, 02(09), 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/283/the-history-of-mental-illness-from-skull-drills-to-happy-pills Maguire, G. A. (2002). Comprehensive understanding of schizophrenia and its treatment. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacists, 59(5), 4-11. doi: 1079-2082/02/0901Maguire, National Institute of Health. National Institute of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Schizophrenia (09-3517). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-booket-2009.pdf Schiffman, J. & Walker, E. F. (1998). Schizophrenia. In H. Friedman (Ed.) The Disorders: Specialty Articles from the Encyclopedia of Mental Health. Academic Press: New York.

Vacant Chapter 12 Waiting

I knock, but there's no answer. I let myself in and I'm immediately relieved to see Emily's things still around the house, including her bedding on the couch. Remorse creeps back into my chest as I think about the numerous times I've tried to convince Emily to take my room – my bed – but she never has. I kneel down on the floor in front of the sofa to worship the scent lingering in the sheets. She always smells like baby powder, the cheap off brand they sell at the Dollar Tree, but regardless of the price, it smells like heaven to me. I close my eyes and enjoy her essence while also promising myself to buy her name-brand lotion. No more generic. The shouting startles me awake. â€Å"I don't care! Get the mother-fucking money. I don't pay you to lose my shit!† Then I hear the unmistakable sound of a fist meeting flesh. My blood runs cold as I wonder if it's Emily next door. The thought hits me like the fist from next door: What has she done to get money for herself? I've had many neighbors while I've lived here. It's to be expected, as the downtrodden are a transient population. That unit was empty when†¦.when I left, so I hadn't thought about a new tenant. I also hadn't figured on undesirables moving in. I'd never worried about my safety, but now I have to think of Emily's safety and protection. This is no place for her. I hear a feminine scream amid the sounds of skin being struck and I know it's not my girl. I know what her scream sounds like after a spider infestation and that's not it. It's not Emily. â€Å"Get up, Punta!† I hear more ramblings and shouts in Spanish; the female cries in response. All I can think is, Thank God it's not Emily. But it is someone – someone's daughter, sister, or friend. I do the only thing I can. I call the police and let them handle it. While I've read heroic tales of men saving the day, it's not safe or practical in this case. It's very likely that the monster next door has a weapon, and I'm no good to protect Emily if I'm dead. The cops come and go quickly. The woman refuses to press charges, but the man is escorted off the property with a warning not to return. He'll be back, though. They always are. My thoughts drift to moving to a better neighborhood, but then I realize I may not have a job because I'm a complete coward who left for a week without calling his boss; it'll be a miracle if I'm not fired. How will I take care of Emily without a job? I'm an idiot. God, how did I fuck this up so badly? I dial Margie's number and her cheerful greeting relaxes me a bit. â€Å"Hey, Marge, it's Ethan.† â€Å"Well hey, Sugarplum. How was your vacation?† She knows I wasn't on vacation, and I try to discern if there is sarcasm in her voice, but I can't seem to detect any. â€Å"Margie, I wasn't on vacation.† â€Å"Sure you were, kid. It's on the schedule; I approved it myself. There's paperwork and everything. The owners are glad you finally took some time off. You had more than three weeks coming to you. It makes them nervous that you've never taken a day off in five years.† I'm confused and my silence must confirm this to my manager. â€Å"So, are you coming in tomorrow? I'm down a cashier and could use ya.† Cashier? I'm a â€Å"back of the house† guy. The â€Å"make sure there's always chips on the display† guy; low man on the grocery store food chain. â€Å"Uhhhh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is my incoherent reply. â€Å"It's time you take on more responsibility, kiddo. You have that pretty girl to take care of.† She knows. She knows about Emily. How does she know? â€Å"I'll see you tomorrow, Ethan.† I'm left holding the phone wondering what the hell is going on.

Macbeth: a Timeless Tale

Shakespearean Macbeth tells a timeless tale of ambition, greed and treachery. Its themes are universal in nature, as Is the construction of a tragic hero and for these reasons It continues to be relevant to audiences today. The litany of Interpretations and adoptions such as Polonaise's 1 971 classic, give credence to the argument that Macbeth remains relevant. Macbeth, In a fashion similar to modern teens (or so the media would have us believe) has a great deal of trouble deciding the difference between moral and moral during his rise to power. Consequently, Shakespearean message is as relevant today as it was during the Elizabethan era.Macbeth is introduced as a kinsman to the Scottish King and a brave and successful military general (l,ii, 15-23), thus earning the praise and esteem of the unfortunately though, he (perhaps Like many In my audience) allows himself to be Influenced by those â€Å"whose horrid image, doth unfix† his hair and â€Å"make his seated heart knock a t his ribs†, who prophesy both further titles and kingship, immediately arousing Machete's ambition (l, Ill, 127-129). This conflict between good and evil is not only confined to Shakespearean play. It is a theme that we see repeated over and over again in contemporary literature and film.As a character, Macbeth is magnificent. He represents the Internal battle that forms the plot for the ma]orally of highly regarded modern films and texts such as Pollack's Macbeth. Initially Macbeth is ambitious, but lacks the evil qualities that often see ambition fulfilled. He also, as his wife points out, is not unscrupulous enough (l, v, 4-24) nor ready to give up the honor and ‘golden opinions' he has won. He has hysterical courage but not the moral courage needed to stand against his more determined, strong willed wife who questions his love for her and his manhood (l, vii, 39-50).In committing regicide he violates the better part of his nature; he is so bent on putting evil on ev il he becomes â€Å"steeped â€Å"so far in blood that â€Å"returning were as tedious as go lb, 136-138). The troubling question of gender representation is one that continues to be debated. 1 OFF audiences. Initially, characters in Macbeth dwell on issues of gender. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband by questioning his manhood, wishes that she herself could e â€Å"unsexes,† and does not contradict Macbeth when he says that a woman like her should give birth only to boys.Similarly, Macbeth provokes the murderers he hires to kill Banquet by questioning their manhood. Such acts show that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth equate masculinity with violence and aggression. Their understanding of manhood allows the political order depicted in the play to descend into chaos. As in the multitude of controversial texts today, female characters are the source of violence and evil. The witches' prophecies arouse Machete's ambitions and then encourage his violent behavior; Lady Macbeth provides the brains and the will behind her husband's plotting.Macbeth traces the root of chaos and evil to women. While the male characters are Just as violent and prone to evil as the women, the aggression of the female characters is more striking because it goes against prevailing expectations of how women ought to behave. Ultimately, however, the play ends with a revised and less destructive definition of manhood. Malcolm consoles Macadam on the news of his family murder by encouraging him to take the news in â€Å"manly' fashion, by seeking revenge upon Macbeth. Macadam indicates however, that Malcolm has a mistaken understanding of masculinity.To Malcolm suggestion, â€Å"Dispute it like a man,† Macadam replies, â€Å"l shall do so. But I must also feel it as a man† (IV. Iii. 221-223). Also, at the end of the play, Seward reacts to his son's death complacently. Malcolm responds: â€Å"He's worth more sorrow [than you have expressed] / And that I'll spend for h im† (V. 1 1 . 16-17). Malcolm comment shows that he has learned the lesson Macadam gave him on the sentient nature of true masculinity. It also suggests that, with Malcolm coronation, order will be stored to the Kingdom of Scotland.Macbeth with its frightening paranormal undertones will pique the interest of a generation already obsessed with the supernatural. No remake can match Shakespearean representation of the witches. Polonaise's opening scene for example, , was rather poorly done. He made the witches look so grotesquely ugly that they distracted the audience from the important plot element of the scene: what they were saying. Unfortunately, this too was clouded: their screeching voices and constant giggling made them difficult to understand.A witness to the film unfamiliar tit the play or Shakespearean dialogue would have been left without any idea as to the importance of the scene. Undoubtedly the underlining of the plot of Macbeth is highlighted with events that have paranormal roots. The witches, both the bloody dagger that entices Macbeth towards Dunce's chamber and the ghost of Banquet are mystical in origin. â€Å"Art thou not a fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight†¦? Or false creation† (II, l, 41 , 42). Shortly after Dunce's death, his horses eat each other in frenzy, symbolizing the murder of the king, which leads to this imbalance in nature.Another relevant lesson on life, we can learn from Shakespeare, is that appearances are often deceptive. In Macbeth, things are seldom what they seem; â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair†. From the beginning, the play is full of ambiguity and double meanings. The play opens on a day that is extremely foul in weather and extremely fair (the battle has Just been won). The subsequent prophecies â€Å"cannot be ill, cannot be good†. In order to disguise their real motives, Lady Macbeth advises her husband to ‘look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under i t†. One of Dunce's sons ladled out â€Å"Murder! In his sleep, but the other one laughed! Does Lady Macbeth really faint? Or does she simply pretend to faint to divert attention from her husband's overacting? Does Lady Macbeth commit suicide? What is Lady Macbeth writing in her sleepwalking scene? A confession? A suicide note? A last love letter to a neglectful husband? There is also much discussion about clothing clothes provide both an identity but also conceal who you are. Point being? Beware the wolf in sheep's clothing! In conclusion, Shakespearean deeper purpose is to show us our own lives and make s think.The key question that Shakespeare seems to ask is this: is human society fundamentally amoral? This is a question that continues to challenge audiences. Consequently, Shakespeare movies are so numerous; they form their own sub genre. With over 250 Shakespeare movies produced, Shakespeare film adaptations such as Bag Loran's â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, prove that S hakespearean plays have an enduring appeal. Macbeth is the Dearth Evader of Star Wars, or if you like, Lord Voltmeter of Harry Potter; ignore his lessons at you own peril. Thank You

Violation of Standard 3 of the APAs Code of Ethics

Violation of Standard 3 of the APAs Code of Ethics Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology: A Critical Analysis of the Violation of Standard 3 of the American Psychological Association’s Code of Ethics In the course of their practice, a psychologist is likely to encounter situations that challenge their professional code of ethics (Trull Prinstein, 2012). Under such circumstances, the professional is forced to make a decision based on the numerous competing ethical principles facing them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violation of Standard 3 of the APA’s Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The decision taken by the practitioner in such situations may not be regarded as right or wrong. On the contrary, it is expected that the individual will adhere to the hierarchy of ethical principles set out in their area of practice. In the US, the American Psychological Association (herein referred to as APA) regulates the conduct of psychologists practicing i n the country. The association has a series of guidelines that are formulated to inform the practice. The current essay is based on the APA principles and code of conduct for professional psychologists. In the essay, the author analyzes situations under which violation of the policies is likely to arise. The best course of action to take in resolving such violations is suggested in the paper. The reviews made in the essay are aimed at challenging the practitioner to come up with solutions aimed at upholding the integrity of their profession (Trull Prinstein, 2012). Standard 3 of APA’s code of ethics is identified as the regulation that is violated in this paper. The standard addresses the issue of human relations. The author provides a critical analysis of how the code is violated, and how such cases can be resolved in an ethical manner. Standard 3: Human Relations in Psychology As already indicated, this is the code that is disregarded in the scenario highlighted later in t his paper. According to Trull and Prinstein (2012), psychologists are not immune to relationships in the society.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, there are certain cases where these interactions lead to conflicts in the practitioner’s professional life. Such situations bring about ethical dilemmas. The development is related to the nature of interactions that a psychologist has with their patients. The ethical code of conduct that is violated is Standard 3. The code talks about human interactions with regards to psychology as a profession (American Psychological Association, 2002). Standard 3.06 revolves around conflict of interest, which applies in the case highlighted below. The code restricts psychologists from handling patients that may bring about conflicts. In this case, a number of factors lead to inconsistencies. Such factors include the legality of the interaction and personal interests. A dilemma of such dimensions can present itself when a psychologist takes on board a client with unresolved self-esteem issues. The professional may pair such a patient with a friend to boost their self confidence. However, along the way, the friend may fall in love with the said patient. The friend is likely to seek the professional help of the psychologist, who happens to be their acquaintance. At the same time, the patient will start complaining of sexual advances from the friend in reference. In such a scenario, a serious case of conflict of interest presents itself due to the multiple relationships established (Trull Prinstein, 2012). Violation of Standard 3 The code on human relations can be violated in a number of ways. For example, it can be breached in the case where a psychologist gets romantically involved with their patient. In such instances, the code of ethics prohibits further interactions between the practitioner and the clien t. The reason is that the judgment of the professional is likely to be impaired owing to the emotional ties with their patient (American Psychological Association, 2002). The code is violated when the psychologist decides to carry on with the relationship based on principle A of APA’s general guidance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Violation of Standard 3 of the APA’s Code of Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principle mentioned above prohibits a psychologist from inflicting any harm on their (American Psychological Association, 2002). The practitioner must be aware of the dangers associated with compromising their integrity. However, the professional is likely to continue treating their client in the event that the patient has serious trust issues. The same can present itself when such a patient insists that they cannot open up to anyone else apart from the psychologist they are in love wi th. Trull and Prinstein (2012) suggest that such ethical dilemmas result from the trust built in both relationships. Another instance where standard 3 may be violated is the conflict of interest cited in the previous example. In such a case, the psychologist is faced with a conflicting situation where a patient complains that one of the practitioner’s friends is harassing them sexually. On their part, the friend in question seeks help from the same practitioner with regards to their sexual feelings. In such cases, a psychologist may breach the code of ethics in a bid to convince their friend to terminate the relationship. Such a move is likely to affect the confidential relationship between the patient and the practitioner. Resolving the Issue Addressing the Dilemma It is important to note that it is not easy to control human relationships. As such, psychologists should ensure that their interactions with other people, including their patients, do not breach their code of con duct. Trull and Prinstein (2012) hold that juggling between a romantic and a professional relationship is not an easy task. As a result, a psychologist who is romantically involved with a patient should help improve their (the patient’s) self-esteem. By boosting their confidence, the practitioner will be able to convince the client to seek help from another professional. The same applies to the second scenario above, where a conflict of interest arises.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Addressing the Issue through Ethical Obligations The first principle in the guidelines set out for psychologists is structure to ensure that therapy is primarily beneficial to the patient (American Psychological Association 2002). As a psychologist, I would ensure that any romantic relationship with a patient is terminated before it matures. I would discourage such an engagement before it grows to prevent further emotional distress on the part of the patient. In the second scenario above, I would avert a possible conflict of interest by referring my friend to a different psychologist. Personally, I believe that ethical dilemmas are avoidable in my practice. Such dilemmas can be deflected when a psychologist believes in the greater good of their patient. Conclusion In this paper, the author addressed the issue of ethical dilemmas in psychology. An analysis of possible scenarios under which Standard 3 of APA’s code of ethics may be violated was provided. Recommendations to addr ess such violations were made. The author of this paper believes that ethical dilemmas in psychology can be prevented. A practitioner can avoid such situations by prioritizing the interests of their patients. References American Psychological Association. (200). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf Trull, J., Prinstein, M. (2012). Clinical psychology. Connecticut: Cengage Learning.

Using Miscue Analysis to Diagnose Reading Difficulties

Using Miscue Analysis to Diagnose Reading Difficulties Miscue analysis is a means to use a running record for diagnosis to identify students specific difficulties. Not only is the running record a way to identify reading rate and reading accuracy, but it also is a way to assess reading behaviors and identify reading behaviors that need support. A miscue analysis is a great way to get some authentic information about a students reading skills, and a means to identify specific weaknesses. Many screening tools will give you a down and dirty estimate of a childs reading proficiency but provide little useful information for designing appropriate interventions. The Miscues to Look for During a Miscue Analysis CorrectionA common sign of a competent reader, a correction is a miscue that the student corrects in order to make sense of the word in the sentence.   InsertionAn insertion is a word(s) added by the child that is not in the text. OmissionDuring oral reading, the student omits a word that changes the meaning of the sentence. RepetitionThe student repeats a word or portion of the text. ReversalA child will reverse the order of the print or the word. (from instead of form, etc.) SubstitutionInstead of reading the word in the text, a child substitutes a word that may or may not make sense in the passage. What Do the Miscues Tell You? CorrectionThis is good!  We want readers to self-correct. However, is the reader reading too fast? Is the reader miscorrecting accurate reading? If so, the reader often doesnt see himself as a good reader. InsertionDoes the inserted word detract from meaning? If not, it may just mean the reader is making sense but also inserts. The reader may also be reading too fast. If the insertion is something like using finished for finish, this should be addressed. OmissionWhen words are omitted, it may mean weaker visual tracking. Determine if the meaning of the passage is affected or not. If not, omissions can also be the result of not focusing or reading too fast. It may also mean the sight vocabulary is weaker. RepetitionLots of repetition may indicate that the text is too difficult. Sometimes readers repeat when theyre uncertain and will repeat the word(s) to keep the words coming as they regroup.   ReversalWatch for altered meaning. Many reversals happen with young readers with high-frequency words.  It may also indicate that the student has difficulty with scanning the text, left to right. SubstitutionsSometimes a child will use a substitution because they dont understand the word being read. Does the substitution make sense in the passage, is it a logical substitution?  If the substitution does not change the meaning, it is often enough to help the child focus on accuracy, because he/she is reading from meaning, the most important skill.   Creating the Miscue Instrument It is often helpful to have the text copied so you can make notes directly on the text.  A double-spaced copy can be helpful. Create a key for each miscue, and be sure to write the substitution or pre-correction above the word that was miscued so you can identify the pattern later.   Reading A-Z provides assessments with the first books at each reading level that provide both the text (for notes) and columns of each of the miscue types.   Performing a Miscue Analysis Miscue analysis is an important diagnostic tool that should be done every 6 to 8 weeks to give a sense if reading interventions are addressing the students needs.  Making sense of the miscues will help you with the next steps to improve the childs reading. It is worthwhile to have a few questions prepared that let you know about the childs comprehension of the passage read as miscue analysis tends to rely on advising you of the strategies used. Miscue analysis may seem time-consuming initially, however, the more you do, the easier the process gets. Use unfamiliar text, not something the child knows from memory.A miscue analysis will be inaccurate when administered to an emerging reader, but the information may still be of value.Give the student some choice in the reading selection.You will need a quiet place without interruptions, it can be very handy to record the child which provides you with an opportunity to listen to the passage more than once.Photocopy the selection the student will read, use this to record the miscues.Record each miscue. (Use hyphens for skipped words, record each substitution (ie, went for when), use for insertion and record the word(s), circle omitted words, underline repeated words, you may also want to use // for repeated words.

Socical computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Socical computing - Essay Example on management tool is social computing, which is the social aspect of interaction of people via computer systems and networks such as the internet, and encompasses a number of internet-based applications such as email, blogs, instant messaging, social book marking, social networking service, wikis, and polls (Dasgupta, 2010). Social computing has been identified to add value to the organization in a number of by enabling the management and development of business information assets (Tredinnick, 2006, pp. 228-234). Social computing tools such as wikis, blogs, and social networking sites offer a solution to information management related issues due to the inherent networking nature, which allows users to find, explore, and solve organizational problems. Moreover, social computing provides a platform for developing or improving on employee networks and permits participation (Ropes, 2010), which can lead to better employ performance, hence improved organizational performance. Furthermore , social computing can lead to more innovation, better staff abilities, and increase staff efficiency if competently employed as a powerful information management tool. This paper seeks to discuss and critically analyse the benefits, potential disadvantages and challenges of using social computing as an information management tool in the organization, and its future prospects. The advantages that this paper will focus on include enhanced customer relations, contributions to product development and innovation, increased productivity and efficiency, and general impact on employee information sharing and turnover levels. The disadvantages will be focusing on related security and privacy risks, loss of brand loyalty and fragmentation and cluttering of information. The critical analysis of social computing is, therefore, limited to the aspects of social computing that entail the various ways through which it influences information management in the organization. Such aspects include social